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Science

Cell as a Unit of Life- Important Terms

Gk Scientist April 9, 2021 No Comments
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Cell as a Unit of Life:

  • Cell- is a structural and functional unit of living beings that consists of a membrane-covered mass of protoplasm. Cell was discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.
  • Cytology- is the study of the form and structure of cells as well as their organelles with the help of a microscope.
  • Cytoplasm- A part of protoplasm filled within the space of nuclear membrane and cell membrane having cell organelle.
  • Hyaloplasm- Cytoplasm without cell organelle.
  • Compound- A substance that is formed by the chemical combination of two or more than two substances.
  • Protoplasm- The living substance present in the living cells. The cytoplasm and nucleoplasm together form protoplasm.
  • Amino Acid- Organic compounds with carboxyl and amino groups. These are the basic building block of protein.
  • Carbohydrate- Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of CH2O. Example- glucose, starch, glycogen, sugar, cellulose.
  • Nucleus- A dense body in the centre of the cell having the nucleoplasm and chromosomes. It was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831 and is commonly called as ‘director of the cell‘.
  • Monosaccharide- Simple sugar, not digestible by hydrolysis. Example- glucose, fructose.
  • Disaccharide- A complex molecule of sugar having two molecules of glucose.
  • Polysaccharide- These are composed of several molecules of glucose joined together by glycosidic bonds.
  • Mucopolysaccharides- These are polysaccharides formed galactose and mannose. The most common example is mucilage which is produced by the plant as a slimy substance.
  • Callus- An unorganized and undifferentiated mass of tissue.
  • Totipotency- It is the inherent capacity of living cells to develop into different kinds of cells.
  • Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)– An energy-rich compound that is found in all cells and serves as an energy source for various cellular functions.
  • Aster- Bundle of microtubule fibres radiating out from each cell pole during metaphase.
  • Basal Body- Cylindrical microtubule containing cell organelle lying at the base of cilia and flagella and similar in structure to centrioles.
  • Simple Proteins- These are the proteins that are composed of amino acids only. They form small globular molecules soluble in water or larger globular molecules insoluble in water.
  • Conjugated Proteins- These are formed by the binding of a simple protein with a non-protein called the prosthetic group. Example- nucleoproteins.
  • Nucleic Acid- Macromolecule or polymer of nucleotides in an unbranched chain; DNA and RNA.
  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- A nucleic acid containing phosphate, ribose sugar and the nitrogen base, uracil, besides adenine, guanine and cytosine. Functions in protein synthesis.
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- Genetic material; deoxyribose containing a nucleic acid that stores hereditary information in the form of code words and makes chromosomes and genes.
  • Purine- It is a nitrogenous base having 9 membered double ring.
  • Pyrimidine- It is a base that has a single 6 membered ring.
  • Translation- The synthesis of protein according to the information coded on mRNA.
  • Transcription- The process of RNA synthesis on a DNA template.
  • Cell Membrane- also called plasma membrane or plasmalemma is a delicate, thin elastic and semi-permeable membrane that surrounds all living cells.
  • Permeable Membrane- is one that allows all the substances (solvents) to pass through it.
  • Semi-permeable Membrane- also called selectively permeable membrane is one that allows only some selected solvents to pass through it.
  • Impermeable- A membrane that does not allow any substance to pass through it.
  • Osmosis– The tendency of water to move across a differentially permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution.
  • Differentially Permeable Membrane- Selectively permeable membranes found in living systems.
  • Diffusion- It is the movement of particles from a medium of higher concentration to a medium of lower concentration till the concentration of both media become equal.
  • Endocytosis- Intaking of large-sized liquid or solid macromolecules inside the cell through the plasma membrane.
  • Exocytosis-Expelling of cellular secretions or wastes out of the cell through the plasma membrane.
  • Pinocytosis- It is the process of taking liquid substance by a plasma membrane.
  • Phagocytosis (cell eating)- It is the process of engulfing solid particles.
  • Active Transport- It is the movement of the ions or molecules across a membrane against concentration gradients.
  • Passive Transport- It is the movement of ions or molecules across a membrane from high to low concentration along the chemical or electrochemical gradient.
  • Tonicity- The external osmotic environment of a cell forms the tonicity.
  • Isotonic- When the relative concentration of water and solutes on either side of the cell membrane is the same, the solution is called isotonic.
  • Hypertonic- Solution exerting greater osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm.
  • Hypotonic- Solution exerting lesser osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm.
  • Exosmosis- If during osmosis the water or solvent from the living cell diffuses out, the phenomenon is termed exosmosis.
  • Endosmosis-If during osmosis, the flow of water from surroundings into a living cell take place, the process is known as endosmosis.
  • Plasmolysis- As a result of exosmosis, the cytoplasm of the cell gets shrunk and moves towards the centre of the cell.
  • Crenation- The shrunken appearance caused by exosmosis in erythrocytes.
  • Lysosome- is a cell organelle that releases enzymes to hydrolyze the cell contents. Lysosomes also called suicide bags.
  • Cytokinesis- The division of cytoplasm during cell division.
  • Prokaryote- Organisms lacking a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles in their cells. Example- bacteria, blue-green algae.
  • Eukaryotes- Organisms such as plants and animals, with a well-defined nucleus enclosed in a nuclear envelope and having one or more membrane-bounded organelles in their cells.
  • Tonoplast- The membrane surrounding the vacuole.
  • Suberin- A water-proofing material secreted by cork cells and endodermal cells.
  • Stroma- The granular matrix of the chloroplast.
  • Centromere- Region of the chromosome at which spindle fibril is attached during cell division.
  • Chlorophyll- Green photosynthetic, light-capturing pigment of plant cells, typically located in the chloroplasts.
  • Chloroplasts- are green plastids.
  • Chromoplasts- Yellow, orange, or red-coloured plastids containing various pigments like carotenes and xanthophyll, etc. 
  • Leucoplats- A colourless plastid that stores proteins, lipids and starch.

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