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Physics

Theory of Diffraction Grating

Gk Scientist July 26, 2022 No Comments
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Table of Contents

  • Theory of Diffraction Grating:
    • Plane Diffraction Grating:
    • Grating Element (d):
    • Diffraction at N-slits of Grating:
    • Conditions of Maxima and Minima:

Theory of Diffraction Grating:

Plane Diffraction Grating:

An arrangement consisting of a large number of parallel slits of the same width and separated by equal opaque spaces is known as a diffraction grating.

Gratings are constructed by ruling equidistance parallel lines on a transparent plate such as a glass plate, with a fine diamond point. The ruled lines are opaque to light while the space between any two lines is transparent to light and it acts as a slit.

Grating Element (d):

If ‘a’ is the width of each slit and ‘b’ is the width of opaque space, then d = (a + b) is called the grating element which is nothing but the centre-to-centre spacing between any two successive slits.

Example- If there are 15,000 lines ruled per inch (i.e. 2.54 cm), then the grating element is given by-

d = (1/15,000) inch
d = (2.54/15,000) cm

Diffraction at N-slits of Grating:

Diffraction at N slits of Grating - Theory of Diffraction Grating

We know that the resultant amplitude of light diffracted at a single slit through angle ‘θ’ is given by-

A = A0 sin α/α ……….(i)
where, α = (π/λ) d sin θ ……….(ii)

Let us now consider that there are total ‘N’ parallel slits of grating, then all the secondary wavelets in each slit can be replaced by a single wave of amplitude (A0 sin α/α).

Let there be S1, S2, S3, ………. SN mid-points of N parallel slits. We want to find out the resultant effect due to N-vibrations of N-slits. For N-slits we can take use of an amplitude-phase diagram.

If ‘θ’ is the angle of diffraction, then the path difference between rays diffracted from two adjacent slits is-

Path Difference = (a + b) sin θ ……….(iii)
and ∴ Phase Difference = (2π/λ) (a + b) sin θ ……….(iv)

Hence to find out the resultant amplitude of P’, we have to find out the resultant of N-vibrations of equal amplitude (A0 sin α/α), equal periods and constant phase difference (2π/λ) (a + b) sin θ.

Let (2π/λ) (a + b) sin θ = 2β, say ……….(v)

Then by vector addition method, the resultant amplitude of N-waves is given by-

A = (A0 sin α/α) (sin Nβ/sin β) ……….(vi)

and the corresponding resultant intensity at P’ is given by-

I ∝ A2
or I = (A02 sin2 α/α2) (sin2 Nβ/sin2 β)
I = I0 (sin α/α)2 (sin2 Nβ/sin2 β) ……….(vii)

Here the factor I0 (sin α/α)2 gives intensity distribution in diffraction pattern due to a single slit and (sin2 Nβ/sin2 β) gives intensity distribution due to N-slits.

Conditions of Maxima and Minima:

Case I- Principal Maxima:

The resultant intensity at P’ is given by-
I = I0 (sin α/α)2 (sin2 Nβ/sin2 β)

Intensity is maximum when sin β = 0 ⇒ β = ± nπ
i.e. (π/λ) (a + b) sin θ = ± nπ
or (a + b) sin θ = ± nλ ……….(viii)

The above equation is also called as “grating law” in which n = 0, 1, 2, 3, —— is an order of diffraction.

And for n = 0, the position is called the central principal maximum.
n = 1, it is called 1st principal maximum.
n = 2, 2nd principal maximum and so on.
Case II- Minima:

Intensity is minimum when sin Nβ = 0, but sin β ≠ 0.
∴ Nβ = ± mπ, where, β = (π/λ) (a + b) sin θ
i.e. β = (π/λ) (a + b) sin θ = ± mπ/N
or (a + b) sin θ = ± mλ/N ……….(ix)

Where ‘m’ can have all integral values except 0, N, 2N, …….., nN, because for these values we get principal maxima.
Case III- Secondary Maxima:

In between two minima, which are located between two adjacent principal maxima, the secondary maxima are observed.
Conditions of Maxima and Minima for Diffraction Grating - Theory of Diffraction Grating

Distinguish Between Cyclotron and BetatronVapour Pressure and Raoult’s Law
Fraunhofer Diffraction at a Single SlitIdeal and Non-Ideal Solutions
Diffraction PhenomenonColligative Properties
Difference Between Interference and Diffraction of LightIonic Equilibrium– NIOS
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